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تبديل عکس به تابلوفرش ...بهترين هديه به دوستان
و مديران
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Islamic Carpets
Animal Carpet, (Details) Anatolia, 15th century.
Design shows a dragon and phoenix fighting;
discovered in central Italy, Berlin, Museum fur
Islamische Kunst.
In the West, Persian carpets are perhaps the best
known Islamic art form, highly valued in the West
since they were first introduced by Italian
merchants in the 14th century, they were sometimes
used to wrap relics in church treasuries. The exact
origin of carpet-weaving is unknown, carpet
fragments dating back to the 5th century have been
found in Central Asia. Westerners nomads produced
textiles that were in daily use, such as: clothing,
bags and in decorating the home. However, these
textiles had a fairly short life-span and very few
pieces have survived from the per-modern period. The
fact that they were nomadic likely helped spread the
practice. Persian manuscripts from the time of the
Sassanid ruler Khusrau I illustrate carpet-weaving.
As the Islamic world expanded, the art became common
not only in Central Asia and Iran, but also in Asia
Minor, the Caucasus, northern India, and Islamic
Spain.
In 1949, a Russian archaeological on an expedition
to the Altai mountains in southern Siberia produced
a royal burial mound that contained a preserved
carpet in frozen chamber. Known as the Pazyryk
carpet, it was used as a saddle cover for a horse
interred in the burial mound. Beautifully designed,
the rug dates from the 4th or 5th century B.C. and
is the earliest-known surviving example of a
hand-knotted carpet dating back to the Sassanian &
early Islamic periods. Pazyryk carpet discovered
together with a mummified horse, a four-wheeled
cart, and other household articles. Made of very
fine thread, it contains 36,000 Gordes "double knot"
per 10 square centimeters, showing a mastery of
craftsmanship unequalled in later times. Otherwise,
any knowledge of carpets before the late 15th
century is largely based on literary sources.
Another splendid carpet mentioned in the source was
the "Spring of Khusrau," a huge carpet, about 27
square meters (290 square feet), which covered the
floor of the Sassanian palace at Ctesiphon when the
Arabs conquered it in the year 637.
Isolated carpet fragments of varying size and dating
before the 12th century have been found in such
extremely dry locations as the rubbish heaps of Old
Cairo, but the oldest surviving group of carpets
dates from the first half of the 14th century. They
are known as UKonya" carpets because some 20
examples were discovered in 1903 in the Ala ai-Din
Mosque at Konya in central Anatolia, where they had
been hidden under successive layers of carpets laid
on the floor of the prayer hall. These carpets are
coarse, and knotted with symmetrical knots in a
limited range of strong colors, such as medium and
dark red, medium and dark blue, yellow, brown, and
ivory. Scholars had initially attributed them to the
patronage of the Seljuk sultans, who ruled Konya in
the 12th and 13th centuries, but as some of the
motifs used on the carpets derive from Chinese silks
dating to the Yuan dynasty (1279-1368). the group is
now assigned an early 14th-century date.
Carpets were principally used in the Islamic world
to cover the floors of mosques and houses, also
occasionally used as wall decorations. They were
usually made from sheep wool, goat or camel hair, or
in later times, cotton and silk. Persian and Turkish
carpets made up the bulk of Islamic carpets. The
first half of the 16th century is considered the
"Golden Age" of Persian carpets, when large carpets
with rich colors and complex designs were produced
out of factories in cities such as Isfahan.
"Polonaise" carpet. Kashan, Iran, 1601, Residenz
Munchen, East Asia Collection.
THE TWO MOST TYPICAL TYPES OF KNOTS used in Oriental
carpets are called Turkish (sometimes called a
Ghiordes knot), and Persian (sometimes called a
Senneh knot). These terms generally have nothing to
do with a carpet's ethnic or geographic origin.
Turkish Knot: the supplementary weft yarn passes
over the two warp yarns, and emerges to form the
pile coming between them. The Turkish knot is also
sometimes called a Ghiordes' knot; it has a
symmetrical structure.
FIELD PATTERNS AND BORDER PATTERNS in all handmade
Oriental pile carpets rely upon repeated sequences
of knots. It is primarily in the choices of color,
and in the repetition of selected designs
(represented by specified sequences of knots that
traditional border patter
ns and field patterns are achieved.
Persian Knot: the supplementary weft yarn passes
behind one warp yarn, and the two ends emerge on
either side of a warp yarn. The Persian knot is
sometimes called a Senneh knot; it has an
asymmetrical structure.
Garden carpet, northwestern Persia, 18th century,
Berlin Museum fur Islamische Kunst
Ctesiphon The large round city , situated on the
left bank of the Tigris, across the river from the
Hellenistic city of Seleucia, has been identified as
the great Parthian and Sassanian capital city of
Tisfun, known to the Romans as Ctesiphon , the Al-Madain
(the cities), of Arabic sources. Situated about 35
km south of the later city of Baghdad, in
present-day Iraq, Ctesiphon was the first Sassanian
foundation in this urban zone, named Veh-Ardashir,
the beautiful (good) city of Ardashir, after its
founder, the Sassanian king Ardashir I (AD 224-241).
Sassanian , or Sasanid, last dynasty of native
rulers to reign in Persia before the Arab conquest.
The period of their dominion extended from c. AD
224, when the Parthians were overthrown and the
capital, Ctesiphon , was taken, until c.640, when
the country fell under the power of the Arabs. The
last Sassanian king died a fugitive in 651, but he
had been forced to yield Ctesiphon to the Arabs in
636. Under the Sassanid, who revived Achaemenid
tradition, Zoroastrianism was reestablished as the
state religion. The name of the dynasty was derived
from Sassan, an ancestor of the founder of the
dynasty, Ardashir I , who took and ruled Ctesiphon
(224-40).
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