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و مديران
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Persian rug
A traditional rug weaver in Isfahan. See special
page on Isfahani rugs
The Persian rug is an essential part of Persian art
and culture. Thus carpet-weaving is undoubtedly one
of the most distinguished manifestations of Persian
(Iranian) culture and art, and dates back to the
Bronze Age.
The earliest surviving corpus of Persian carpets
comes from the Safavid dynasty (1501-1736) in the
16th century. However, painted depictions prove a
longer history of production. There is much variety
among classical Persian carpets of the 16th and 17th
century. Common motifs include scrolling vine
networks, arabesques, palmettes, cloud bands,
medallions, and overlapping geometric compartments.
This is because Islam, the dominant religion in that
part of the world, forbids the depiction of humans
or animals. Still, some show figures engaged either
in the hunt or feasting scenes. The majority of
these carpets are wool, but several silk examples
produced in Kashan survive.
History
With the passage of time, the materials used in
carpets, including wool and cotton, decay. Therefore
archaeologists are not able to make any particularly
useful discoveries during archaeological
excavations, save for special circumstances.
What has remained from early times as evidence of
carpet-weaving is nothing more than a few pieces of
worn-out rugs. And such fragments do not help very
much in recognizing the carpet-weaving
characteristics of pre-Seljuk period (13th and 14th
centuries AD) in Persia.
Among the oldest pieces discovered are those found
in Eastern Turkestan, dating back to the third to
fifth centuries AD, and also some of the
hand-weavings of the Seljuks of Asia Minor on
exhibit in Ala?¢â‚¬â„¢edin Mosque in Konya and
Ashrafoghlu Mosque in Beyshehir, Turkey. These
pieces attracted the attention of researchers
earlier this century, and now they are kept in the
Museum of Turkish and Islamic Art in Istanbul and
the Mowlana Museum in Konya.
In a unique archaeological excavation in 1949
however, the exceptional Pazyryk carpet was
discovered among the ices of Pazyryk Valley, in
Altai Mountains in Siberia. It was discovered in the
grave of a Scythian prince by a group of Russian
archaeologists under the supervision of Sergei
Ivanovich Rudenko. Radiocarbon testing revealed that
Pazyryk carpet was woven in the 5th century BC. This
carpet is 1.83?£â€”2 meters and has 36 symmetrical
knots per cm?¢?². The advanced weaving technique
used in the Pazyryk carpet indicates a long history
of evolution and experience in this art. Most
experts believe that the Pazyryk carpet is a late
achievement of at least one thousand years of
technique evolution and history.
According to this theory the art of carpet-weaving
in Persia (Iran) is at least 3500 years old.
The Persian rug today
Although carpet production has mostly become
mechanized today, the traditional hand woven rugs
are still widely found, and usually have higher
prices than the machine woven counterparts.
Many fine pieces of the Persian carpet are to be
found in The Carpet Museum of Iran in Tehran.
Anatolian & Persian Rugs
It is also important to differentiate between
Anatolian (Turkish) carpets and Persian Carpets.
Persian carpets are single tied wheras Turkish /
Anatolian carpets are double tied. This means that
for every 'vertical strand' of thread in a carpet,
an Anatolian carpet has two knots as opposed to the
one knot in a Persian carpet. Ultimately, this
process of 'double knotting' in traditional
Anatolian carpets results in a more choppy and block
like image in the finished product as each 'vertical
strand' takes more space on the loom. On the other
hand, Persian carpet weavers traditionally single
knot their carpets: This results in a much finer
image on the carpet in the end as only the minimum
amount of space is given for each 'vertical strand'.
It is this simple tradition of single knotting that
has built the reputation of the Persian carpet as an
object of luxury and desire throughout the globe to
what it is today.
Traditional Centers of carpet production in Iran
(Persia)
A rug depicting the famous mosque of Isfahan.
The major classical centers of carpet production in
Persia were in Tabriz (1500-1550), Kashan
(1525-1650), Herat (1525-1650), and Kerman
(1600-1650).
The majority of carpets from Tabriz have a central
medallion and quartered corner medallions
superimposed over a field of scrolling vine
ornament, sometimes punctuated with mounted hunters,
single animals, or animal combat scenes. Perhaps the
most well-known of the Tabriz works are the twin
Ardabil carpets most likely made for the shrine at
Ardabil (today in the collections of the Victoria
and Albert Museum in London and the Los Angeles
County Museum).
Kashan is known for its silk carpet production. Most
famously, for the three silk hunting carpet
masterpieces depicting mounted hunters and animal
prey (currently in the collections of the Vienna
Museum of Applied Arts (aka the MAK), the Museum of
Fine Arts, Boston, and the Stockholm Museum). The
Kashan rugs are among the most valuable in
existence. One carpet, for example, is known to have
been sold in Germany for $20,000 in 1969.
The Herat carpets, or ones of similar design created
in Lahore and Agra, India, are the most numerous in
Western collections. They are characterized by a red
field with scrolling vine ornament and palmettes
with dark green or blue borders.
The seven classes of Kerman carpet were defined by
May Beattie. She identified their unique structure
and named it the "vase technique." Carpet types in
this group include garden carpets (ornamented with
formal gardens and water channels) and the ogival
lattice carpets. A fine and well-known example of
the later was purchased by the Victoria and Albert
Museum under the guidance of William Morris. The
influence of Persian carpets is readily apparent in
his carpet designs.
Carpet dealers have developed a classification for
Persian carpets based on design, type of fabric, and
weaving technique. The categories are named for
cities and areas associated with each design:
Maku Marand
Tabriz
Ahar Heris
Meshkin Shahr Ardabil
Saraband Sarab
Mahabad Afshar
Zanjar Bidjar
Sanandaj Saraband
Kermanshah Hariz
Qazvin
Hamedan Malayer
Saroogh Farahan
Qom Tehran
Brujerd Arak
Moshk Abad
Mahalat Joshghan
Kashan Semnan
Shahre Kord Isfahan
Ardestan Naeen
Shahr Reza
Mamasani Abadeh
Yazd Shiraz
Rafsanjan Kerman
Mahan Ravar
Gorgan Gonbad Ghaboos
Nishaboor Torghabeh
Mashad Kashmar
Gonabad Ferdos Ghayen
Dorokhsh
Birjand Mud Zabol
www.takcarpet.com
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